FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Comparative aspects)
The dependence on oxygen. Gas diffusion and
convection
Mechanisms of gas convection
The design of the mammalian respiratory
system
Animal size and metabolic requirements
Respiratory adaptation to changes in body
size and metabolic rate
1. Structure of the lungs and respiratory pump
2. Passive mechanical properties
3. Ventilation and dynamics of breathing
4. Distribution of ventilation
5. Transport of gases
6. Aspects of the regulation of the breathing pattern
OXYGEN NEEDS AND VENTILATORY COUPLING
Oxygen needs
Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation
Alveolar gas equation
End-expiratory and arterial PCO2
Coupling between metabolism and ventilation
MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF BREATHING
General concepts and terminology
Static mechanical properties
1. Compliance
1. a. Specific compliance
1. b. Dynamic compliance
2. Pressure-volume (P-V) curve of the lungs
3. Lung-chest wall coupling
Dynamic mechanical properties
1. Pressure-Flow relationship
2. Expiratory flow limitation
3. Partitioning of Resistance
Work and cost
The respiratory system in active
mode
1. Chest Wall Distortion
2. Expiration
3. Implications on the energetics of breathing
RESTING BREATHING PATTERN and ITS PERIPHERAL MODULATION
Neural basis of the respiratory output
Descending pathways
Peripheral control of the spirogram : Inspiration
1. Intrinsic mechanical properties of the respiratory muscles
2. Chest wall ventilatory reflexes
3. Vagal control of the breathing pattern
3.1. Vagal reflexes
a. maintained lung inflation
b. maintained lung deflation
c. airways occlusion at end-expiration
3.2. Vagal receptors
a. slowly adapting stretch receptors
b. rapidly adapting irritant receptors
c. bronchial C-fibers
4. Upper airways ventilatory reflexes
5. Ventilatory reflexes of cardiac or visceral origin
Peripheral control of the spirogram: Expiration
Appendix
1. Measuring devices and techniques of common use in respiratory
physiology.
Appendix 2. Basic physical
properties applied to the respiratory system
Appendix 3. Glossary and
Abbreviations (Symbols and Common Units)